Course Descriptions

Philosophy (PHIL)

PHIL 110 CORE INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS (C)*
This course introduces students to philosophy through the exploration of fundamental ethical questions. Among the themes treated in this course are moral obligation, virtue, justice, law, good and evil. Students will learn to read primary texts, to develop reasoning skills, and to explore the nature of the good life (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: ENGL 110}

Group A: Philosophical Fundamentals

PHIL 241 LOGIC
This course develops students’ understanding of the character, power, and limits of reasoned argument.  Students will learn how to make arguments and how to critically evaluate the arguments of others.  This will be accomplished through the study of both informal and formal logic, as well as through the application of logic to a variety of problems.  Topics to be investigated include validity, soundness, syllogistic logic, informal reasoning, and propositional symbolic logic (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite:  ENGL 110}

PHIL 302 PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN NATURE
This course investigates the question “what are we?” in order to develop students’ understanding of human nature. Some of the following questions will also be explored: Is a human being only material? Is a human being only a mind? What is the relationship between mind and body? Is there such a thing as a soul? Are human beings essentially social or solitary? Is there free will? What does it mean to love? What is self-knowledge and how can it be attained? Ideas and major thinkers from a variety of philosophical traditions will be considered (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 314 ETHICAL THEORY
This course develops students’ understanding of philosophical ethics through an investigation of several major ethical theories. Possible theories to be investigated include moral relativism, virtue ethics, deontology, utilitarianism, natural law, moral genealogy, sentimentalism, and care ethics. Students will learn to assess the merits and limits of the theories studied and to critically analyze their own lives from the perspective of philosophical ethics (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 315 BUSINESS ETHICS
This course integrates the insights of philosophy and business studies, so that students will better understand the role of ethics in the business environment. Students will examine several ethical theories and apply these theories to situations that confront contemporary business professionals. Primary sources from philosophers and business theorists, case studies, and contemporary articles will be examined.

Possible topics for investigation include the role that work and money play in a good life, the elements of ethical business leadership, the ethical effects of corporate culture, the nature and limits of corporate social responsibility, workplace ethics, accounting ethics, environmental business ethics, marketing ethics, and moral issues facing international corporations (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 319 BEAUTY, ART, AND APPEARANCE
This course is an introduction to aesthetics, which is the study of appearances. Students will investigate perception, taste, and beauty. The course will cover a variety of theories about what beauty is and its importance for human beings. It will examine those theories in relation to natural and man-made objects, including art, literature, and music (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 320 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
This course develops students’ understanding of social and political theory through the examination of a variety of classic texts. Among the themes treated in this course are authority, freedom, equality, justice, law, community, natural right, power, government, and social construction. The effect of social and political structures upon individuals will be considered.  Major thinkers studied will vary but may include Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Aquinas, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Marx, Mill, Arendt, Foucault, Rawls, and Nozick (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 324 GOD, MAN, AND THE COSMOS
This course considers questions in the philosophy of religion by examining especially the relationship between God, human beings, and reality. It will also considers how conclusions about one, affects conclusions about the others. The course will investigate the relation between faith and reason, will examine arguments for and against the existence of God, will ask what it means for us if God does or does not exist, and will end with a consideration of religion and culture in light of these earlier discussions (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 343 METAPHYSICS
The course introduces students to metaphysics, which is the study of the fundamental nature of reality. Topics such as being, nothingness, change, stability, unity, multiplicity, appearance, reality, causation, potentiality, actuality, substance, time, space, freedom, determinism, and God will be investigated.  The course may examine more than one philosophical approach to metaphysical questions. The relationship between metaphysics and other theoretical disciplines (such as logic, biology, physics, epistemology, and theology) will also be considered (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 345 TOPICS IN PHILOSOPHICAL FUNDAMENTALS
This course focuses more deeply on a fundamental area in philosophy not already covered in the course listings. The fundamental area will be announced prior to the time of registration. Students are welcome to suggest possible topics to the philosophy faculty (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

Group B:  Problems in Philosophy

PHIL 353 THOUGHT AND CULTURE
This course investigates how thought and culture interrelate. It will examine what culture is, how it shapes the way we think, and how the way we think shapes culture. There will be the opportunity to consider particular cultural issues and the philosophical ideas that underlie those issues. Readings from the history of philosophy, from contemporary thought, and from current events will be included (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 357 PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE
Love is the inspiration and subject of countless songs, stories, and artworks. It guides how we live and who we live with. It helps us to structure our lives, our societies, our cultures. Love is an essential feature of human life. But what is it? This course will examine this question by investigating different types of love and what it is that all those types of love have in common, and then by looking at the relation between love and some other essential features of human life (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 359 MEANING AND HAPPINESS
This course examines several philosophical explanations of the meaning of life as well as several philosophical accounts of the nature of human happiness. Additionally, the internal and external obstacles which confront human beings in their pursuit of meaning and happiness will be examined.

Some of the following questions will be considered:  Can one establish a meaningful life by being devoted to anything whatsoever or are there certain things which all human beings must desire in order to live in a purposeful manner? Is happiness a feeling of pleasure, an excellent activity or a state of calm equilibrium? What role, if any, do pleasure, honor, virtue, friendship, romantic love, self-esteem, a relationship with God, and vocational goals play in a happy life? (3 credits)
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 361 PHILOSOPHY OF LITERATURE
This course will examine the philosophical questions that literature raises by studying the thought of both historical and contemporary philosophers. We will consider, among other questions, what literature is, whether literature conveys truth, how and why literature elicits emotions, and what makes literature ethical or unethical. Our investigations will include references to works of literature as well as to philosophy (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 362 WORK AND LEISURE
We spend much of our lives working or preparing to work. We pursue education for the sake of having a career. But why do we work? What is work? Why is it important? Is it all that is important? In this course, we will examine different conceptions of the relation between work and the rest of life. We will consider whether work is the goal of life, or whether work is the means to some further goal. We will reflect on economic systems, religion, culture, and philosophy and how each should inform the place that work holds in life (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 363 PHILOSOPHY AND TRAGEDY This course examines tragedy from a philosophical perspective. The careful study of a variety of tragic works (such as those by Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Seneca, Shakespeare, Racine, Schiller, Brecht, Beckett, Miller, and Achebe) is combined with the detailed investigation of several philosophical writings about tragedy (such as those by Plato, Aristotle, Hume, Hegel, Schlegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Freud, Lacan, Butler, and Barthes). The tragic themes of fate, fortune, moral luck, order, chaos, irreconcilable goods, suffering, hubris, heroism, and human vulnerability will be examined.  Additionally, students will be encouraged to meditate upon the degree to which human life is tragic (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 365 PHILOSOPHY OF DEATH
This course investigates a variety of ancient and modern approaches to death and will encourage students to philosophically confront their own mortality. The metaphysical, psychological, cultural, and ethical implications of dying and being dead will be examined. Some of the following questions will be considered: What is death? Is death the end of our existence or is some part of us immortal? What does death suggest about the relationship between the mind and the body? What does it mean to be an individual who is aware of his or her own demise? Should death be feared, accepted, ignored or embraced? Can meditating on death help us to live better lives? (3 credits)
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 367 VIRTUE ETHICS: EAST AND WEST
This course examines the works of several Eastern and Western philosophers who claim that virtue is the key to living a good life. Major themes of the course include excellence, character, habituation, activity, flourishing, a person’s social role, practical wisdom, theoretical wisdom, the common good, the natural and the theological virtues, and the sage.

Eastern philosophical traditions (such as Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, and Falsafah) will be compared and contrasted with Western philosophical traditions (such as Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism, Scholasticism, moral sentimentalism, and care ethics). Additionally, the difference between virtue ethics and other ethical theories (such as consequentialism and deontology) will be considered (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 369 PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
This course investigates social responsibility from a philosophical perspective. Among the themes treated in this course are marginalization, discrimination, genocide, anger, justice, moral obligation, human rights, love, service, and charity. Students will examine the connections between philosophical theory and social action and will explore their ethical obligations to others.  Students will be required to participate in community service projects outside of class (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 370 TOPICS IN PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS
This course focuses more deeply on a specific philosophical problem not already covered in the course listings. The problem to be examined will be announced prior to the time of registration. Students are welcome to suggest possible topics to the philosophy faculty (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

Group C: History of Philosophy

PHIL 404 ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY
This course introduces students to the emergence of Western philosophy in Ancient Greece.  Students will investigate the teachings of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Additionally, the extant writings of Pre-Socratic philosophers and sophists may be examined. The perennial philosophical questions posed by Ancient philosophers, especially concerning the cosmos, knowledge, virtue and politics, will be considered (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite:  PHIL 110} 

PHIL 405 HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHY
This course introduces students to the major schools of Hellenistic philosophy and to the impact of these schools upon the Roman world. Some of the theoretical and practical teachings of Epicureanism, Stoicism, and Skepticism, Cynicism, Neo-Platonism, Roman eclecticism, Hellenistic Judaism, and Hellenistic Christianity may be considered. Special attention will be given to Hellenistic and Roman understanding of philosophy as a way of life (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite:  PHIL 110}

PHIL 406 MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
This course introduces students to the universal human questions that were developed to sophisticated degrees during the medieval period, including questions about our ability to know God and whether God exists at all, the nature of the world, and freedom, both human and divine. We will read foundational medieval thinkers, such as Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas, Averroes, and Al-Ghazali in order to become acquainted with the lively intellectual debates that were occurring in the Middle Ages and that affect us still today (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 407 LATE MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY
This course will examine the foundations and development of philosophy from the High Middle Ages to the Renaissance. It may examine, among other topics, necessity and causation, universals and particulars, the relation between faith and reason, and the place of human beings in the world. Among the thinkers read may be Averroes, Aquinas, Scotus, William of Ockham, Pico della Mirandola, and Thomas More (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 408 EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY
This course introduces students to 16th, 17th, and 18th century philosophy.  Students will investigate Early Modern ideas about knowledge, reality, science, politics, religion, and the human individual. Additionally, some of ways that Early Modern ideas challenged earlier thinking will be considered. The philosophers studied will vary and may include Machiavelli, Montaigne, Bacon, Hobbes, Pascal, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Adam Smith, Diderot, Voltaire, Rousseau, Wolff, and Kant (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 409 LATE MODERN PHILOSOPHY
This course introduces students to 18th and 19th century philosophy. Students will investigate the themes of enlightenment, freedom, morality, politics, self-consciousness, and historical development. The philosophers studied will vary and may include Vico, Rousseau, Kant, Herder, Lessing, Fichte, Hegel, Schelling, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Feuerbach, Marx, Bentham, Mill, Nietzsche, Pierce, and James (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 410 EXISTENTIALISM
This course introduces students to the 20th century philosophical movement known as existentialism, as well as its roots in 19th century philosophy and literature. Students will investigate existentialist themes such as the individual, alienation, the absurd, nihilism, angst, authenticity, transcendence, meaning, and freedom. The philosophers studied will vary and may include Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre, de Beauvoir, Merleau-Ponty, Camus, Marcel, Buber, and Jaspers (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 412 DIALOGUES WITH GREAT THINKERS
This course enables students to engage in an intensive study of one or two major philosophers.  The central questions, the theoretical and practical insights, the historical background, and the contemporary relevance of the major philosopher/s selected will be examined in detail. The philosopher/s covered will be specified prior to registration. Students are welcome to suggest possible thinkers (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 460 INDEPENDENT STUDY
A student may need this course to complete a research project that is not covered in the regular course offerings. Before registering, students must consult with a faculty member and obtain permission from the Department Chair (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 470 TOPICS IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
This course focuses more deeply on a specific philosophical topic not already covered in the course listings. The topic will be announced prior to the time of registration. Students are welcome to suggest possible topics to the philosophy faculty (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: PHIL 110}

PHIL 375, 475 INTERNSHIPS
Students have an opportunity to gain practical experience related to Philosophy while learning off-campus. Internships are conducted under the supervision of a department faculty member and an off-site member (3 credits).
^{The course requires the approval of the Department Chair and the Director of Internships}

Group D: Capstone

PHIL 490 SENIOR SEMINAR
This course provides a capstone experience to each philosophy major’s undergraduate career. In this advanced seminar, a fundamental area of philosophy, a major philosophical problem, a historical period or a single philosopher will be investigated in great detail. Several seminar papers and oral presentations designed to challenge students and advance their ability to reason, question, and wonder, will be assigned. This course is required for philosophy majors and is optional for philosophy minors (3 credits).
^{Prerequisites: PHIL 110, at least three additional courses in philosophy, and senior standing.}

Religious Studies (RELS)

RELS 208 INTRODUCTION TO RELIGIOUS STUDIES (C)* 
A critical and in-depth study of fundamental dimensions of religious experience common to a wide diversity of faiths. This includes reflection upon the responsibility of the individual to and for the community of other people and nature (3 credits).

RELS 211 JUDAISM: FAITH AND HISTORY
This course is a study of the Jewish People as they evolved through many ages; how the major historical events affected them as a people, in their theology, and in their religious practices and beliefs (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 215 INTRODUCTION TO THE EASTERN RELIGIONS
A survey of the major Eastern religions, opportunities afforded for visits to Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic and other religious centers, institutions and monasteries in the New York area (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 295 INTRODUCTION TO SPIRITUALITY
A look at self-development within a religious context, the journey of an emphasis on the self into the sacred, spiritual methods and as traditions of Christianity and other religions; readings and discussions of significant spiritual texts (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 305 UNDERSTANDING THE BIBLE
This course focuses on questions including What is the Bible – texts, authorship, literary forms, transmission through manuscripts and translation, the ecumenical Bible canon. How to read the Bible – history of interpretation hermeneutics and the new hermeneutic experience of the Bible (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 306 MEETING GOD IN STORY AND HISTORY: THE OLD TESTAMENT
An exploration of Ancient Israel’s understanding of itself in story and of its God as a God of history (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 308 CENTRAL THEMES OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
The development of the Christian Scripture as seen through the history of the earliest Christian communities, the unique messages of the Evangelists, and the methods used to understand their writings (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 309 LIFE AND LETTERS OF PAUL
An exploration of the earliest Christian writings and the personality and theology of Christianity’s most influential preacher (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 311 JESUS
An examination of the historical Jesus produced by recent scholarship of the New Testament and its implications for a contemporary Christology as seen through the thought of prominent theologians (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite RELS 208}

RELS 313 CHRISTIAN BELIEF
This course is an exploration of the major beliefs of the Christian faith tradition emphasizing the interconnections among the symbols of creation, fall, salvation, and consummation. Emphasis will be placed on contemporary theological interpretations of these symbols (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 327 MODERN CATHOLIC THINKERS
This course is a study of Catholic faith and experience in the light of modern thought. Examples of innovative Catholic thinkers of this century such as Merton, Rahner, Teilhard de Chardin, Sobrino, Massingale, and Johnson will be examined (to name a few) (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 331 EASTERN CHRISTIANITY
A study of the separated and the united churches of the East: Orthodox, Coptic, Marianite, etc. This course will review the history of these churches and their commonalities and differences with the Roman Catholic Church (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 337 AMERICAN RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE
An examination of the American religious spirit that developed in America and its influence from the Native American, Puritan, Protestant, Catholic, Jewish, and African American traditions, as well as other religious traditions (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 343 EARLY CHRISTIAN THOUGHT
A study of the development of Christian doctrine and practice in the work of the great Western and Eastern Church Fathers (early theologians) and the great Ecumenical Councils to the 8th century. There will be a special emphasis on the heresies of the time, which were confronted by great thinkers, such as Augustine and Athanasius (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 346 REFORMATION AND COUNTER-REFORMATION
A study of reform movements within Christianity in the 16th century. It will include such major figures as Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli who separate from the Roman Church. The course will also study the Roman Church’s response to the Reformation, including the Council of Trent and the Jesuits (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 350 THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH
This course is an introduction to the history, distinctive doctrines and practices, structure, and contemporary controversial issues of the single largest Christian church. Emphasis will be placed on comparing the values of this tradition with those prevalent in contemporary society (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 354 BUDDHISM
A study of the principles of Buddhist thought, together with the reading of various Theravada and Mahayana texts. The course will address problems of philosophical interpretation, historical development, and cultural transformation (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 355 ISLAM
An introductory survey of the origins and religious teachings of Islam with special attention to the Islamic views of providence, revelation, worship, and moral obedience. Community, social justice, and revolutionary thought in the contemporary Islamic world will be treated (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 358 Introduction to Eastern Religions
A survey of the religions that began in India, primarily Hinduism and Jainism. This course traces the historical development of these religions from the time of the Vedas to Mahatma Gandhi and focuses on the religious beliefs, practices, and literature of these groups (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 404 RELIGION AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
The role of religion in the economic life of the underclass as interpreted through biblical insights and Roman Catholic social teaching (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 410 DEATH AS A FACT OF LIFE
This course is an examination of the religious, legal, medical, and psychological questions concerning death. Reflections on the moral aspects of such issues as care of the dying and bereaved, cessation of treatment, euthanasia, suicide, and the hope of life after death (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 414 WOMEN IN WESTERN RELIGION
A review of the role of women in the Jewish and Christian traditions in contemporary consciousness concerning women. A consideration will be given to women, ministry and feminist theology (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 416 SAINTS: YESTERDAY AND TODAY
This course examines the function of holy men and women both within their religious traditions and more especially in their ethical perspectives on the contemporary world. Included will be a study of the cult of the saints, hagiography, and “Saints” in our own times (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 420 BELIEF AND UNBELIEF
This course is a critical analysis of the historical, philosophical, scientific, and religious roots of contemporary atheism and agnosticism. It will include an in-depth critical analysis of the various reasons why people do and do not believe in God (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 429 EVIL, SUFFERING, AND GOD
This course is a critical study of perhaps the most poignant of all religious issues: the “Problem of Evil”, or “How can a good God allow suffering and evil?” A variety of responses to this question from several major religious and philosophical traditions will be examined and brought to bear upon contemporary problems such as the Holocaust, AIDS, world hunger, abortion, euthanasia, etc (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 430 CONTEMPORARY MORAL ISSUES*
This course is a theological and ethical investigation of selected moral problems of our time such as truth in government, violence, economic injustice, human trafficking, and racism. Student suggestions and discussion of additional moral issues will be considered (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 435 CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE
This course focuses on the concept and development of human love, scriptural, sacramental, and ethical considerations in marriage and sexuality. The course also focuses on the problems of sexual relationships, contraception, abortion and other topics are considered in the light of Judeo-Christian theology, other religious traditions and the social sciences (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 370 SPECIAL TOPICS IN SCRIPTURE
This course is an in-depth study of an area of scripture not covered in general scripture courses (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 371 TOPICS IN RELIGION
This course is an in-depth investigation of particular areas of religion or theology occasioned by contemporary major events or controversies within religion. Detailed course descriptions will be available in the Department at the time of registration (3 credits).
^{Prerequisite: RELS 208}

RELS 372 SCIENCE AND RELIGION
An examination of the historic and contemporary relationship between science and religion in terms of a critical comparison and contrast of their respective methodologies and truth claims. Historic cases of clashes between the two (i.e Galilieo and Darwin) will be used as vehicles for this study, which will also emphasize implications for the student’s personal value system (3 credits).

RELS 375, 475 INTERNSHIP
Students have an opportunity to gain practical experience related to Religious Studies while learning on or off-campus. Internships are conducted under the supervision of a department faculty member and an on or off-site member (3 credits).
^{This course requires the approval of the Department Chair and the Director of Internships}

RELS 460, 461 INDEPENDENT STUDY
A student may need this course to complete a research project that is not covered in the regular course offerings. Before registering, students must consult with a faculty member and obtain permission from the Department Chair (3 credits).

RELS 470 SENIOR SEMINAR/CAPSTONE (TOPICS IN RELIGION)
This course provides a capstone experience to each major’s undergraduate career. In this advanced seminar, students will work on a particular area of theology, a particular historical period of theological challenge, a particular theologian, or relationships between/among the religions. Seminar papers and oral presentations are assigned to challenge the student’s critical and constructive thought and questioning in the related area of theology. This course is required for all majors in Religious Studies, and it is optional for Religious Studies minors. It is open to all students, but pre-requisites must be met (3 credits).
^{Prerequisites: RELS 208, at least two additional courses in Religious Studies, and senior standing.}

RELS 460, 461 INDEPENDENT STUDY
In consultation with a professor and approval from the Department Chair (3 credits).

^{(C)* May be taken to meet Core Requirements}